The Failures of Freud and Psychoanalysis Essay Example

The Failures of Freud and Psychoanalysis Paper In October 1900, Philip Bauer took his 18-year-old daughter to see the little known psychoanalyst Dr. Sigmund Freud. Bauer took his daughter to be treated by Freud for her recent display of strange behaviors such as saying strange things, and threatening suicide. From Freuds initial point of view the case did not seem to be particularly promising in terms of supplying new features for his theories in development. Freud diagnosed the young woman as possessing the typical signs of hysteria, a psychosis that he had previously encountered copiously. However, the resulting case proved to engage Freud more than he initially thought and slowly blossomed into Freuds most famous case history. A few days after taking the case, Freud wrote his friend Wilhelm Fleiss that a case has smoothly opened to the existing collection of picklocks. 1 Freuds newfound interest in the case unexpectedly was siphoned because the young patient abruptly terminated her psycho-analyitical treatment at the end of December of 1904, only eleven weeks after she first came to Freud. Freud wrote up his case-notes in January of 1901, but it wasnt until 1905 that his Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria , or known as Dora, was published in a specialist journal. 2 This was the inauspicious start of a case history that snowballed into being recognized as the first of Freuds great case histories and which has taken its place as one of the classic reports in the psychiatric literature. 3 The pseudonym that Freud gave to the patient Ida Bauer, Dora, has become commonly associated whenever Freud is mentioned. We will write a custom essay sample on The Failures of Freud and Psychoanalysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Failures of Freud and Psychoanalysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Failures of Freud and Psychoanalysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In his recounting of the Dora case, Freud is surprisingly frank about his inability to deal with his patient effectively. The Dora case morphed from a case that was supposed to strengthen Freuds psychoanalytical theory into an example of the failure on the part of both Freud and psychoanalysis. It was a combination of the ineffectiveness of Freud and his flawed theory that catalyzed Dora to stop her treatment. These failures and Freuds relative openness about them reveal that Freud was not able to clearly and effectively analyze his patient because of psychoanalysiss unwanted side effect of transference. As a medical scientist, Freud was so frank about his inability to deal with Dora because he wanted to improve his methods and ultimately learn from his mistakes. The failures in Dora also serve to show that Freuds method of psychoanalysis was attached with the phenomenon of transference, proving to be hugely detrimental to the success of Freuds attempt to cure his patient. Transference is the projection by the patient of the cause of his or her symptoms onto the analyst. The interaction between the patient and the analyst is structured or constructed by the patient as one in which the cause of the hysterical symptoms is transferred to the relationship with the physician. In the case of Dora, her symptoms brought on from exposure to Herr K and her father transferred to Freud becoming the cause of her hysteria. Transferences shifting of a psychosis from interaction with the original perpetrators to interaction with the analyst is something that Freud could not avoid. Psychoanalysis is flawed by nature and it took Dora to expose its downfalls and brought Freud an endless supply of criticism. Feminist scholars attack Freud for his clear annoyance with Dora and his inability to set aside male prejudices. Freud could be portrayed to show a lack of empathy for a suffering adolescent girl being victimized by egoistic adults, including her father. 4 Freud explained his lack of empathy for Dora because he had always avoided acting a part, and have contented myself with practicing the humbler arts of psychology. Freud attempted to adopt a laizze-fair and Baconian approach toward Dora but could not accomplish this because he was connected to Doras symptoms through the behavior of males in Doras life. Unknowingly Freud treated Dora like the other males in her life by not caring about her problems and seemingly use her for his own personal advantage. This is akin to Doras fear of her father using her to get closer to Frau K. Dora feels used by all men in her life and Freuds nonchalant behavior propagated these feelings concordantly with her symptoms of hysteria. This failure on Freuds part reveals that Freud was doing his job as a medical scientist by not playing a role, but his adherence to scientific methods made him unable to gain ground on Doras psychosis. Freud was not at fault for not sympathizing with Dora, he was emotionally confined within a scientific procedure that he believed was the only way to cure his patient. While bounded in the laws of science, Freud still aimed at describing Doras story in a manner that engaged any reader and was scientific enough to satisfy his contemporaries. Freud elucidates Doras story in a detective manner that paints a scene in which Freud is attempting to unearth the buried roots of Doras psychosis. The dialogue between him and Dora provides evidence supporting Freuds conclusions he surmises along the way, slowly exposing the repressed nature of Doras symptoms. For the most part Freud accepts Doras story yet he wonders why Dora claims to feel disgust, rather than sexual desire when Herr K grabs her, pressing his erect phallus against her body. Freud is of the opinion that Dora unconsciously desires Herr K and for good measure he also claims that she desires Frau K. The problem is no longer seen to be Doras resistance to the male phallus, but has become Freuds assumptions about womens desires. Freud also interprets that Doras obsession with her fathers love for Frau K acts as a cover-up or a displacement of Doras own attraction both to her father and to Herr K. Her love for her father is an infantile impulse that is revived in order to deceive Dora herself about her love for Herr K. Both of these conclusions are based upon speculation and have little facts attributed to them. This is an example of how Freud speculates a conclusion based upon no evidence therefore lending him to be criticized for repressing Doras urges further below the conscience. Freud claimed that he was uncovering hidden desires, but critics suggest that his revelations conceal as much as they expose. These assumptions by Freud show that accompanied with transference, an instrumental failure of his therapy is that his conclusions can only be based upon assumptions. Freud later acknowledges that it was his failures that made Dora end her treatment but it was necessary to publish the case history of Dora to show the failures of psychoanalysis so that they may be improved. It is surprising that Freud writes about his failures with such a magnitude of openness that he passes close to condemning himself and his own approach. Freud wrote so frankly about the failures of his methods and his overall therapy because he was above all a scientist and had to fail first to succeed in perfecting psychoanalysis. It was Freuds duty to publish his failures because he still believed that he was on the correct track to solving the mysteries of hysterias origin. In his prefatory remarks to Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria he states that, it becomes the physicians duty to publish what he believes he knows of the causes and structure of hysteria, and it becomes a disgraceful piece of cowardice on his part to neglect doing so. 6 Freud was obligated to publish Dora, and never seemed to regret it. In conclusion, Freud tried his best to cure Dora of her psychosis but because of the failures of his theory and failures on the part of Freud as a medical scientist, he failed Dora and psychoanalysis was irrevocably changed forever. These failures reveal that Freud was an astounding medical scientist who tried his best to succeed where others have failed, and that psychoanalysis came attached with transference. The transference of Doras fear of men to Freud was a side effect of psychoanalysis that Freud had not foreseen. Dora proves to be one of Freuds most famous case histories because it shows that psychoanalysis could work, but doesnt. Freud himself was also at fault for not comforting Dora while she told him things that she could tell no one else. In this manner of not paying attention to her emotional needs, Freud pushed Dora further away until she could not withstand his treatment any longer. Freuds openness about the failures within the case show that he wanted to improve upon his methods and that he truly believed in the positive effects of psychoanalysis, a theory that will be questioned forever.

Understanding and Using the Simple Present Tense

Understanding and Using the Simple Present Tense The present simple tense is typically one of the first verb tenses that new English students learn. It is used to describe action that takes place on a regular basis. The present simple also can be used to express feelings, facts, opinion, and time-based events. Dont confuse the present simple tense with the present continuous tense, which is used to describe something that is currently taking place. For example: Present simple tense: I catch the bus at 8:50 a.m. to go to work. Present continuous tense: I am riding the bus to work. Want to know more about verb tenses? Check out this illustrated verb  timeline, then use these learning strategies to improve your English skills. Practicing the Present Simple Tense One good way to improve your English speaking skills is to use role-playing exercises. With a classmate or a friend, try using the following dialogue to practice the present simple tense. Mark: Hello, Can I ask you some questions for an interview? Jennifer: Yes, I can answer some questions. Mark: Thank you for taking the time. Now, first question: What do you do? Jennifer: I work in a library. Im a librarian. Mark: Are you married? Jennifer: Yes, I am. Mark: What does your husband do? Jennifer: He works as a policeman. Mark: Do you usually have dinner together? Jennifer: Yes, we do. Mark: How often does your husband exercise? Jennifer: He sometimes exercises four times a week. But, he usually exercises only twice a week. Mark: Where do you like to go on holiday? Jennifer: We rarely go on holiday. However, we like to go to the mountains if we can. Mark: What type of books do you read? Jennifer: I often read horror stories. Mark: Thank you very much for answering my questions. Jennifer: Youre welcome! When To Use Notice from the above dialogue and following chart that the present simple is often used to describe what we do every day. We use verbs of frequency (always, sometimes, usually, etc.) which indicate a habit. Other instances that call for the present simple tense include: Permanent or long-lasting situations Where do you work? The store opens at 9 a.m. She lives in New York. Regular habits and daily routines I usually get up at 7 a.m. She doesnt often go to the cinema. When do they usually have lunch? Facts The earth revolves around the sun. What does strange mean? Water doesnt boil at 20 degrees. Feelings I love walking around late at night during the summer. She hates flying! I dont want to live in Texas. Opinions and states of mind He doesnt agree with you. I think he is a wonderful student. What do you consider your best accomplishment? Timetables and schedules The plane leaves at 4 p.m. When do courses begin this semester? The train doesnt arrive until 10.35 a.m. Verb Conjugation The present simple tense can be expressed in three ways: positive, negative, or as a question. Conjugating the positive form is easy for the first- and second-person references such as I or you. Just use the root form of the verb. For third-person references, add an s to the verb. For example: I eat lunch at noon. You play tennis at noon. He walks to school every day. She watches TV in the evening. It sleeps under the couch. We study English at school They eat lunch at noon. The negative form uses the  helping verb  do for first- and second-person references and does for the third-person. You can also express the negative form as a contraction. For example: I do not leave work early on Mondays. You don’t like to watch TV. He does not understand the question. She doesn’t ride a bike. We do not have any money. They dont leave at noon. If the present simple tense is expressed in the form of a question, use do or does, followed by the subject, and the  verb in questions. For example: Do I work in this company? Do you get up early? Do we often drive to work? Do they understand French? Does he like to watch TV? Does she believe in ghosts? Does it leave at noon?

Should managers try to eliminate or to encourage the expression of Essay

Should managers try to eliminate or to encourage the expression of organisational conflict Explore your reasons - Essay Example A clever manager will encourage organisational conflict only if it is in the shape of a disagreement. A disagreement is a difference in opinion among two or more persons. It arises as a result of differing personal view points. Disagreements occur frequently between workers within an organisation, and as they do not affect organisational effectiveness, they are looked upon as healthy outlets of workers’ personal beliefs and opinions. Disagreements usually end up amicably, without needing intervention by third parties. The intelligent manager should monitor the progress of a disagreement carefully to ensure that it does not worsen to have direct effects on the workers’ behaviour and their capacity and zeal to work properly (Cram et al.). A shrewd manager should try and eliminate, or when not possible, address and resolve organisational conflicts quickly. If this is not done, the organisation stands to face many bad consequences. The first bad consequence is higher employee turnover. One of the disputing workers could resign, which will need the organisation pay termination costs, and also incur expenses to find and train a new replacement worker. The second bad consequence is that the organization’s working environment becomes tense and heavy with stress. Since the conflict matter is not discussed (let alone solved), an atmosphere heavy with lack of trust, anxiety and apprehension is created. Such an unpleasant atmosphere acts adversely on workers, causing them to develop passive-aggressive behaviour patterns. In addition, the manager who cannot solve conflicts swiftly and effectively fails to inspire trust and confidence in workers. Such a set of circumstances badly hits the reputation of the organisation, c ausing it to face business losses, and making it very hard to recruit new employees and prevent existing employees from leaving. The third and most serious consequence is a distinct loss

Functional Foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Functional Foods - Essay Example The most important issue about the functional foods is the disturbance they cause in the natural mineral balance of the food products. Nature has created the consumable food products in a balanced form and no single mineral or vitamin exists in the excessive form in ordinary food materials. However, when certain vitamins and minerals are added to these food products, the natural balance is disturbed which consequently changes the nutrition value of the food. As the nutrition value of the food product is changed the intake of such foods must also be varied accordingly. Unfortunately, FDA does not put any restriction regarding the addition of nutrients to food materials. Functional foods are not treated with drugs and they can be marketed as foods without any prior permission from FDA. The only restriction that FDA puts on the manufacturers of these functional foods is regarding their advertisement and labeling; the manufacturers are required to provide all the nutrients labeled on the packing in correct proportions. Since the consumers are not aware of the use of multivitamins and additional minerals in their diet, the increasing trend of using functional foods can be harmful to the health of consumers. Some of the physicians, trainers, and physiotherapists are also unaware of the use of dietary supplements and they recommend these products to athletes and other consumers for enhancing body performance and energy levels; no such effect of these products has been observed in healthy adults. Each supplementary mineral and vitamin has specific application in human body and additional amount of these products are required in specific scenarios. Therefore the unchecked and random use of functional foods can deteriorate human health and greater amounts of these minerals could result in toxic depositions in human body. Unfortunately mineral supplements and multi vitamins are added in ordinary and everyday use foods and consumers are forced to buy and use them, thus a check and regulatory mechanism is r equired in order to ensure safe use of functional foods and dietary supplements (Thompson and Manore 187). The United States Pharmacopeial Convention is a nonprofit organization

Low risk 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Low risk 3 - Essay Example The Emperor was quite just in the fact that it is not, at least, fair, to blame the other in the faultiness of your own deeds. On the contrary, Marcus Aurelius believed that the person who caused the event was the only, and the only one, reason of the event. Furthermore, it was in the philosophy of Marcus Aurelius that a non-educated individual should not suffer from the lack of knowledge. On the contrary, it is the responsibility of the educated ones to either treat the poor in knowledge one sympathetically, or to help him\her in obtaining the knowledge. Marcus Aurelius was always trying to educate and empower his nation, and such tendencies seem to be coming from the philosophical views of the Emperor. The Stoic thoughts he followed helped his rule to be more liberal and humanistic. At the same time, as I believe, Aurelius’ ideas did not let the Emperor execute his power in its full force – blaming one single individual means missing the influential context of the ext ernal environment formed by the society and the Emperor in particular. Blaming on single individual for a single fault, therefore, means transferring responsibility for the fault from the society and the Emperor onto one person.

Shakespeares Portrayal Of Women English Literature Essay

Shakespeares Portrayal Of Women English Literature Essay Shakespeares female characters are represented across a variety of social classes. In this essay I will explore how Shakespeare portrays women in A Midsummer Nights Dream inclusive of several female characters in this play. This allows us to examine in depth, to a very limited extent, how they were treated in society and the stereotypical roles Elizabethan society imposed upon them. I will be examining specifically the characters and portrayal of Hippolyta, Helena and Hermia and how they defy the stereotypical notion of how women were treated by men. Firstly, the most obvious aspect regarding Shakespeares portrayal of women in this play is that the female gender is commodified. Throughout the play, women are treated like objects to be sold or traded. With reference to the background of the characters Theseus and Hippolyta, Greek mythology states that when Theseus, the Duke of Athens, sailed to the land of the Amazon, the Amazons offered Theseus gifts of peace. However, Theseus kidnapped Hippolyta, the queen of the Amazonians, and forcefully made her his wife.  [1]  This resulted in the war between the Athenians and the Amazons. Theseuss action of claiming Hippolyta as a prize and a wife might show that he treats them as objects rather than human beings.  [2]  This idea is reinforced when Theseus says Hippolyta, I wooed thee with my sword, and won thy love doing thee injuries (I.i.16-17). This statement refers to how Theseus won the battle with the Amazons and in conquering the Amazons; he has conquered their queen, Hippol yta, both physically and emotionally. Hippolytas lines in this play are of relatively insignificant amount and value as compared to Theseuss. For example, in the first Act, Hippolyta only comforts Theseus by saying that Four days will quickly steep themselves in night; Four nights will quickly dream away the time (I.i.7-8) and they will have the marriage ceremony soon. In addition, Theseus appears to be making the decisions regarding everything, ranging from their marriage to Hermias marriage. This is significant as it shows that Hippolyta is subservient to Theseus as she has little say in these state events despite being seated next to Theseus. In addition, Hippolytas silence could possibly show how she is unhappy about being forced into a marriage with Theseus  [3]  as shown in the 1970s BBC production of A Midsummer Nights Dream. Hippolytas silence could also be seen as a rejection of male dominance.  [4]  However, it is also significant that Hippolyta gets is given more of a voice in the last scene after bein g married and this will be explored later. Another relationship that suggests the marginalizing of women is seen again between Egeus and Hermia. Egeus, Hermias father, has made up his mind to marry Hermia to Demetrius but Hermia refuses to do so. Egeus then brings up this complaint to Theseus, hoping Theseus is able to help him. In doing so, Egeus is shown to regard Hermia as a commodity. Egeus says that Hermia has turned her obedience, which is due to me (I.i.37) and that since she is mine, I may dispose of her (I.i.42). These 2 lines show Egeus treating Hermia as mere property  [5]  because he made her and hence Hermia ought to listen to her fathers instructions. This idea is also proven by some parents in the early 17th century such as Sir Edward Coke who whipped his daughter into marriage with a mentally unsound man.  [6]   Moreover, Theseus becomes the personification of the law in Athens as he tells Hermia to either to die the death, or to abjure for ever the society of men (I.i.65-66). According to the ancient privilege of Athens (I.i.41) a womans father has the right to decide who she should marry and she has no say in his decision. If the woman goes against the wishes of her father, she can either be put to death or to stay a virgin forever by becoming a nun. The number of different options given by both Theseus and Egeus only goes to support the fact that Renaissance women were constrained in the verbal medium and that silence was the virtue most stringently required from Renaissance women.  [7]   However, it is also through these three women that we see the female gender defying the societys treatment of women then. Hippolyta, Helena and Hermia go against the grain in their unique ways and show that despite the limitations and laws that society imposes upon them, they are able to assert themselves and show society that they have the potential to be as capable as men. Critics have said that Shakespeares portrayal of women in this manner could possibly be his own stand on how women should be treated equally as men but since he belongs to the Elizabethan era, it is still difficult to garner Shakespeares precise views on feminism and its issues solely based A Midsummer Nights Dream and even if we could, it is still problematic to judge his 16th 17th century mindset based on the definitions and criteria of twentieth century feminism.  [8]  In addition, Shakespeare is based in the Elizabethan era yet he writes about the lives and attitudes of the ancient Greeks. This suggests that interpreting Shakespeares mindset from his works is only reliable to a small extent. Hence, his representation of women only serves as an understanding to how he was unorthodox in the gender assumptions of his era. One extremely effective method of showing that women should assert having their opinions and rights recognized by men is to have the characters in A Midsummer Nights Dream either engage in a power struggle or a role reversal. The very first power struggle shown in the play exists between Egeus/Theseus and Hermia. In Act 1 Scene 1, Hermia openly defies Egeuss wishes for her to marry Demetrius instead of Lysander. Through Egeuss eyes, Hermia is seen to have a stubborn harshness (I.i.38) and she will not consent to marry with Demetrius (I.i.40). She defies Egeus despite knowing that ancient tradition grants the father power to marry his daughter off whoever he wishes to. Nonetheless, she even conspires with Lysander and agrees to his plan of leaving Athens to Lysanders widow aunt whose house is remote seven leagues (I.i. 159) and out of reach of the sharp Athenian law (I.i.162). While running away might seem like a nuanced and subtle form of defiance, it is still an affirmation of Hermi as rights and freedom as a woman to choose who she marries. In the same scene, she defies Theseus in both her tone and her language. For example, when Theseus tries to persuade Hermia to marry Demetrius by saying that Demetrius is a worthy gentleman (I.i.52) Hermia asserts, So is Lysander (I.i.53). In addition, when Theseus tells Hermia that she faces either a nunnery or death, she replies that My soul consents not to give sovereignty (I.i.82) and she would rather be a nun than having to marry Demetrius. In Hermias case, the act of women asserting themselves is almost unheard of as Shakespeare lived in a patriarchal culture in which authority and privilege is particularly invested in the hands of the patriarch of a family. This shows that women were subordinate to men.  [9]   The most obvious example of gender reversal is between Demetrius and Helena. In Act 2 Scene 1, Helena reminds the audience about this role reversal by saying, We cannot fight for love, as men may do; we should be wooed, and were not made to woo (II.i.241-242). This line refers to how, in this situation, Helena is playing the role of the male chasing after the female (Demetrius) through the woods and persuading Demetrius to love her. Although I acknowledge that Helena is forced to woo Demetrius due to her situation of unrequited love, it is not proper for a woman to behave in this manner in Ancient Greece. This role reversal between Helena and Demetrius suggests that in Ancient Greece, women were generalized as insensible and unable to make proper judgments and hence needed a male guardian.  [10]  By getting Helena to play the role of men, Shakespeare creates comic relief as the audience sees it as ridiculous and absurdly funny. In addition, some members of the audience may feel sympathetic for Helena instead. Inducing sympathy and challenging the audiences perception of women could have been Shakespeares intentions to promote equal treatment regardless of gender. Nonetheless, this seemingly comic situation still holds true to this day as we, to a small extent, still stereotype women as human beings to be wooed by men despite various organizations pushing for female equality. This may be due to our genetic makeup as human beings or cultural influences about women but we do not exactly know. The final instance of a power struggle between the genders occurs between Theseus and Hippolyta. In Act 5 Scene 1, Hippolyta voices out that she disagrees with Theseus on the events that happened to the lovers the previous night. While Theseus says that he may never believe these antique fables (V.i.2-3), Hippolyta disagrees and says that it must have been true because all their minds transfigured together (V.i.24) and it was more witnesseth than fancys images (V.i.25). Hippolytas verbal answer can be seen in two ways. Firstly, Michael Boyd, a stage director implied that Hippolyta has accepted Theseus as she gives her husband a kiss. This suggests that Hippolyta is simply discussing the whole issue about the lovers with Theseus. The darker way of looking at this is that Hippolyta is involved in struggles for power in a patriarchal society.  [11]  In doing so, Hippolyta empowers the female gender by going against how women were supposed to be submissive and agreeable to their husb ands. In conclusion, I hope this essay demonstrates Shakespeares several conscious and subconscious feminist intentions, through A Midsummer Nights Dream, in his portrayal of women as opposition to the supposed virtues of marriage.  [12]  More importantly, this paper would have suggested that A Midsummer Nights Dream may be interpreted to imply Shakespeare being a proto-feminist who understood and sympathized women who were treated unfairly.

Spinozas Philosophical Psychotherapy :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Spinoza's Philosophical Psychotherapy missing works cited ABSTRACT: Spinoza's philosophy has a practical aim. The Ethics can be interpreted as a guide to a happy, intellectually flourishing life. Spinoza gives us principles about how to guard against the power of passions which prevent the mind from attaining understanding. In what follows, I consider Spinoza's techniques for guarding against the passions by turning to Jonathan Bennett's criticisms of Spinozistic psychotherapy. Bennett finds three central techniques for freeing oneself from the passions: (i) reflecting on determinism; (ii) separating and joining; and (iii) turning passions into actions. Bennett believes that all of these techniques are in some sense flawed. I contend that Bennett offers good criticism against technique (i), but his criticisms against (ii) and (iii) are unfounded. I. Introduction Spinoza's philosophy had a practical aim. What he wanted to do was to show the way to perfect peace of mind and joy offered by the life of reason. The Ethics is written as a guidebook to a happy, intellectually flourishing life. Basic in Spinoza's thought is the simple observation that we all want to live well but do not know the way to a happy life. He wanted to give us the instructions which include principles about how to guard us from the power of passions which prevent the mind from understanding. In this paper my aim is to consider how well founded Spinoza's techniques against the passions are. I will do this by concentrating on Jonathan Bennett's criticism of Spinozistic psychotherapy. Bennett finds from the Ethics three central techniques of freeing oneself from passions: (i) reflecting on determinism; (ii) separating and joining; and (iii) turning passions into actions. Bennett believes that all these techniques are in some sense flawed. My contention is that Bennett offers good criticism against 'reflecting on determinism'-technique but that his criticism against 'separating and joining'-technique as well as against 'turning passions into actions'-technique is not well-founded. The paper devotes most space to the 'turning passions into actions'-technique. However, before considering Bennett's view of Spinoza's psychotherapy, I will give an overview of Spinoza's theory of activity and passivity. II. Passivity and Activity According to Spinoza "we act, when something happens, in us or outside us, of which we are the adequate cause. . . . we are acted on when something happens in us, or something follows from our nature, of which we are only a partial cause. (IIID2)." The notion of adequate cause that occurs in the definition above is defined as follows:

Detailed analysis of school safety

Safety is an important factor in any learning institution that is focussed to achieving its mission, vision and goals in the future. So the most important thing to be enforced in such institutions is thus safety. Although there are other factors that contribute to the success of students in learning, safety form the core foundations for all activities that are undertaken by any learning institutions. The need to provide better learning environment to students begins with the provision of physical safety that leading to the provisions of emotional well being to the students. Atkinson, 1996) However, in the recent past years, many schools within the country have been faced with a number of problems which led to the compromising of schools safety. During last year’s perilous event that took place in our school, many of us as part of the school community were affected. Follow such consequences, the school administration formed a committee to research on the safety conditions and control measures in our school. The following is the report that was hand over to the administrators:- Outline of the issues: The rising indiscipline behaviour among the students The misuse of drugs and the utilization of illegal drugs within the school compound The rampant violence act among students and teachers The movement of outsiders and non- students as well as students within the school compound (Trump, 1997) While the above four issues were tackled into detail, it was clear that in the first matter, students were becoming uncouth and rowdy. There were many cases that involved students fighting in classes and outside classes. Furthermore, some of the sources indicated that some students had even blackmailed the name of our school to the outside communities by misbehaving in public. Some students have been alleged not to respect the elders and those in authorities while they are in public places. The second issues of using drug and illegal drugs indicated that most students have been caught by watchmen either drinking or drunk of alcohol, beer, or they have been found smoking cigarettes, marijuana and others addict able materials that may stimulates and affects the normal functioning of body or nervous systems. I think the applications of these substances are the consequences of the first and the third issue of rampant violence among the students and to the teachers. The most important matter that perhaps has lead to all these scaring actions is the lack of school fence. This has paralysed the efforts of the guards to regulating and control the movement of all the people getting in and out of the school ground. In fact this has given a great opportunity to drug traffics to access the clients within the school without much struggle or impairment while the same applies to the addicted students who would like to sneak out to go and obtain their materials. (Huff, 1996) Control measures To alleviate to the crooked ways of the students’ behaviour, the administrators being the closes guardians to the students should be taught guidance and counselling courses. They will then help them to mould the students and even rescue those who are drug addicts from the scathing killer drugs. While this is being implemented, the school can invite sociologists and religious leaders to give words of advices to the students periodically. Moreover, to accomplish their mission, there is need for the administration to coordinate with the parents and the local communities as well as the public in general to act as role models and to give corrective measures and check the behaviour of students. Final the school requires to be provided with a physical fence to check the intruders and students movements. (Trump, 1993)

Gothic Barock Essays

Gothic Barock Essays Gothic Barock Essay Gothic Barock Essay Due to the different timeperiods this styles where developed, they give a totally different impression to the viewer. In the time when the gothic style was developed, the whole of europe was dominated by the ideas and influence of the church. So most of the gothic buildings are churches, or cathedrals The cathedrals had outsatnding hights and often dominated the whole skyline of a city which was also a sign of the power that the church had. Especially the early- and middle-Gothic buildings where build of big grey stones blocks which made them appear dark and mystik In the late gothic the architects became more advanced in the use of decorations and glasswindows, which made the buildings appear a bit more friendly. The Barock style of architecture started it s dvelopment in the 16th century. The only ones which could really afford this kind of architecture where certain rich families, the church and the monarchs. The style of Barock architecture always appears a bit exagerrated. The Barock style of architecture is also much more advanced and developed then the Gothic style of architecture The Barock stlye consits of much more movements and motion. While the Gothic has it s special heavy-dark appearance, the Brock style looks much lighter and full of shapes and variety. Inside the buildings it is pretty much the same contrast. While the Gothic buidings were kept more basic inside. The first thing you normally recognize when you enter a gothic building, is the hight of the sealing. The inside s are decorated with woodwork and paintings which where hanging at the wall. The whole impression is more pure and basic but still facinating. The Barock buildings where filled with wallpaintings, stucco and other decoratinons. Parts of the walls and doors where often painted with patterns and shapes, most often this was done with gold colour. The Barock buildings even look too much deorated and too exagerrated. They seem to drown in colours and shapes. : In general we always have to keep in mind that these styles of architecture developed under totally different circumstances. Both styles were strongly an expression of superiorty, domination and power of the rich, the monarchs and the church.  Both styles where enourmous achievements for their time, and even if the Gothic lookes more plain and simple to us, it must have been an a totally new dimension for the people at that time.  I think that the Barock style of architecture is really a bit too exagerrated. I think it just looks too much.

Reality Vs. Idealism Essays - Fiction, Literature, Free Essays

Reality Vs. Idealism Essays - Fiction, Literature, Free Essays Reality Vs. Idealism In the short story, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, Ambrose Bierce quickly drifted from realism in the beginning of the story to idealism throughout the rest of the selection. Immediately before Peyton experiences his first idealistic event, Bierce described a realistic thought on how Peyton closed his eyes and attempted to fix his final thoughts on his loved ones, his wife and children. Bierce described an idealistic observation by the main character, Peyton as he explained how he could see the intricate details through the vibrancy of the leaves of trees on the riverbank. As the story goes on Bierce often refers to the soldiers, the captain, the sergeant, the two privates, and his executioners as monsters. He refers to their movements as grotesque and horrible and their size gigantic. As Peyton tore off the noose around his neck and thrust it aside vigorously, he described how the movements of his hands resembled the movements of a water snake. As Peyton began on his final thoug hts reality faded quickly to an unrealistic point of view, or state of mind. Bierce described an unrealistic, super natural sort of power that Peyton obtained as he emerged from the stream. At that moment Peyton was in full possession of his physical senses and could feel and understand things never before perceived. The first sense that he had noticed was his amplified sight and his perception living things. From the stream he noticed the distinct colors in the dewdrops upon the blades of grass. He could see from across the bank, the gray spiders connecting their webs from twig to twig. As he noticed the veining of each leaf on the trees he also observed every little insect upon them. He could see everything as if it was in slow motion and amplified to the creators explanation of how and what steps he took to paint his master piece. Bierce described his second unrealistic encounter as his sense of hearing being amplified, as to hear every little sound, far and near. As Bierce described in his unique, highly descriptive style of writing, Peyton could hear the humming of the gnats that danced above the eddies of the stream. Most human beings are incapable of hearing a gnat fly and roam about, for its size and muted humming is no louder than a pin dropped on a rug. He could hear the flapping of the dragonflies wings and the strokes of the water spiders as they ventured through the stream. He described all these lucid sounds as audible music. Peytons hearing was remarkably and quixotically amplified beyond any human beings capability. The way Bierce described Peytons super natural powers, so to say was so detailed and full of imagery. As Peyton once again emerged to the top of the stream the soldiers or in Peytons point of view, monsters, were all aimed directly at him ready to shoot on command. As the commander ordered his men to fire Peyton dove deep into the stream and was shot between his collarbone and neck, which he so simply pulled right out with no pain or blood. Bierce describes how Peyton thought with the rapidity of lightening. These are yet more super natural, unreal descriptions of the visions and superhero like qualities. Bierce explains Peytons adventure of escape and idealistic traits in such a believable way that if it wasnt so exaggerated it could very well be mistaken as reality. As Peyton was being hanged the idealistic events began to occur. Bierce described through the nearly the whole story how Peyton experiences super natural powers such as, amplified sight, hearing, the ability to remove a bullet with such ease that he simply snatches it right out, and highly sensitive touch. Bierce told of how he escaped through his five senses being recorded in a way that no man would ever perceive. As the story ends and Peyton is still hanging high above the river, with a noose around his neck, idealism once again fades into reality.

In a world of increasing energy demand, decreasing fossil fuel Essay

In a world of increasing energy demand, decreasing fossil fuel supplies and increasing greenhouse gas emissions. What scientific, engineering and technological - Essay Example Many of these technologies and sources of energy have already experienced a significant amount of research and acceptance. The migration from fossil fuels will involve multiple sources, local generation, and a variety of new technologies to power the world into the 21st century. The energy crisis is not a national problem, but is a challenge facing every nation in the world. While eighty percent of the worlds energy needs comes from fossil based fuels, the technologies to sustain the current level of use, reduce the CO2 emissions, and develop cleaner coal are still in their infancy and may eventually prove to be impractical (Evans 2007, p.6). In addition, the existence of large concentrated oil supplies has created an unstable political situation that keeps the worlds supply of energy at risk. Nuclear generated electricity has received some renewed interest in recent years based on improved safety records, but the problem of the safe disposal of nuclear waste is yet to be solved. Our current transportation systems may require substantial modification to run on the fuels of the future. The challenge that faces the world is to move away from the current uses of oil and utilize locally generated energy based on local renewable resources. Solar energy is at the top of the list as an abundant source of sustainable energy. It is available almost everywhere in the world and can be harvested on a local level. Solar power can be used in its direct form as heat and light as well as easily converted to electricity through the use of photovoltaic cells. Solar energy requires relatively little advanced technology or engineering to harness its benefits. Though solar energy is widely distributed throughout the world, it is a low density energy and requires the collection of the suns rays over a large area to be efficient (Evans 2007, p.82). This makes the large scale production and centralized distribution of

Admin Law Question 1 + 2 (750-750 words) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Admin Law Question 1 + 2 (750-750 words) - Essay Example By s1 of the 1967 Act he is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the PM and holds office until the age of 65. Especially in relation to JR, the procedural requirements of public law element, leave, locus standi, time limits and grounds often deny speedy redress to the applicant. Matters such as delay, incompetence, stupidity, loss of documents, rudeness etc cannot be the subject to the JR. But, these fall within PCA’s jurisdiction. Disadvantage: the MPs check the legitimacy of complaints and it is called MP Filter. If a MP is the main culprit, claimants never get redress. In this sense MP enjoy more power. At the same time each year lots of letter of complain arises which not possible to review for an ombudsman. The most important factor to mention is the ombudsman will not investigate complaints where an alternate remedy exists. Ombudsmans powers of investigation are limited, for example-maladministration. 3) The PCA has had an impact on certain more High profile cases such as ‘Sachsendhausen’ case where the PCA found maladministration in distributing compensation. A recent example is the ‘Barlow Clowes Affair’. Jurisdiction: The 1967 Act should be amended to provide that the PCA could investigate all complaints other than those relating to matters specifically excluded. However, the govt. rejected this proposal. However MPs have some great advantages as redressers of grievances. Their services are free and easily accessible; many MPs take great pains to advertise their surgery times and other means of contract in the local media. Most are assiduous in taking up grievances, and often the mere fact of receiving a letter from an MP, rather than from an ordinary citizen, will induce the authority to give a favorable response. Further, the Mp’s services are equally useful whether the constituent is asking for the correction of an error or the more favorable exercise of discretion, where no legal